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duishiyanxinlixuefangfaderenheyibanmiaoshudoubuhuiduibushuxitamenyingyongshiliderenyouzhidaoyiyi，yinciwomenbuhuizaichangshishanglangfeiwenzi。qijinweizhidezhuyaoshiyanlingyushi：1）yishizhuangtaiyuqishentizhuangkuangdelianxi，baokuozhenggedanaoshenglixue，yijizuijinjingxinpeiyangdeganjueqiguanshenglixue，yijijishushangchengwei“xinliwulixue，huoganjueyuyinqiganjuedewaizaicijizhijiandexiangguandinglu:； 2) jiangkongjianganzhifenxiweiganjueyuansu； 3）celiangzuijiandandexinliguochengdechixushijian； 4) ganxingjingyanheshikongjiangedejiyizaixiandezhunquexing； 5) jiandanxinlizhuangtaixianghuyingxiang、xianghuhuanqihuoyizhixianghuzaishengdefangshi； 6) xinnengtongshibianshideshishideshuliang；zuihou，7）yiwanghebaoliudejibenfaze。bixuzhichu，zaizheixielingyuzhongdemouxielingyu，qijinweizhisuoqudedechengguoyuweihuodezheixiechengguosuofuchudejudalaodongxiangbi，suoqudedelilunchengguoweihuqiwei。danshishijiushishishi，ruguowomenzhidedaozugouduodeshishi，tamenkendinghuijiehezaiyiqi。xindelingyujiangnianfuyiniandibeidapo，lilunchengguojianghuizengzhang。tongshi，shiyanfangfayijingdadagaibianlekexuedemianmao，yinweihouzhezhishiduisuozuogongzuodejilu。

xianzaizongyouyixieduixiangzanshibuhuikaifa。tamenzhishichuqu；yaorangsixiangjizhongzaiyutamenxiangguanderenheshiqingshang，xuyaobuduangengxindenuli，yizhiyuzuijianjuedeyizhihenkuaijiuhuifangqi，bingzaitanenggouchengshoujinkenengzhangdeshijianhourangqisixianggensuigengcijideqingqiu。youxiehuatishimeigerendouzhidaode，dantaquexiangshoujingdemayiyangbieryuanzhi，pieyiyanjiushihuibi。zheijiushitazaizhenggezhiyeshengyazhonghuihuowududezichan。danshi，jiranduimeiyigebeijiqingqushiderenlaishuo，foudingjiqingdeliyisixiangzhinengzainaohaizhongtingliuyishanjishi，weishenmehaiyaotiaochuhuihuozheni？zheijiuxiangshengmingjiaoaodequanshengshiqide“siwangjinianpin”。daziranjieshoulezheiyangdejianyi，jiangtamenpaichuzaishiyezhiwai： - e，jiankangdeduzhe，nixianzaihainengjixuxiangnidefenmuduojiu？ - zaijiaowenhedeqingkuangxia，nandutongyanghenda，youqishidangdanaopijuanshi。yigerenzhuazhurenheyigejiekou，wulunduomeweibuzudaohuobiaomianshangdejiekou，yitaobishoutoushiqingdekeexing。liru，worenshiyigeren，tahuibohuo，bayizifangzheng，jianqidibanshangdehuichen，zhenglizhuozi，zhuaqibaozhi，naxiarenhexiyintayanqiudeshu，xiujianzhijia，langfeiwulunruhe，zaoshang，jianeryanzhi，yiqiedoumeiyouyumou——jinjinyinweitaweiyiyinggaizhuyideshiqingjiushizhunbeitataoyandexingshiluojidezhongwukecheng。shenmedoubushi！第25节然而，许多哲学家认为，自我的反思意识对于认知是必不可少的。

磷(lin)和(he)思(si)想(xiang)(。)ziwoxunqiu。

经验自我或我。人(ren)们(men)普(pu)遍(bian)承(cheng)认(ren)(，)尽(jin)管(guan)这(zhei)一(yi)点(dian)很(hen)难(nan)证(zheng)明(ming)(，)我(wo)们(men)在(zai)动(dong)物(wu)王(wang)国(guo)中(zhong)的(de)地(di)位(wei)越(yue)高(gao)(，)意(yi)识(shi)就(jiu)会(hui)变(bian)得(de)越(yue)复(fu)杂(za)和(he)强(qiang)烈(lie)(。)一(yi)个(ge)人(ren)必(bi)须(xu)超(chao)过(guo)牡(mu)蛎(li)(。)从(cong)这(zhei)个(ge)观(guan)点(dian)来(lai)看(kan)(，)它(ta)似(si)乎(hu)是(shi)一(yi)个(ge)器(qi)官(guan)(，)附(fu)加(jia)到(dao)维(wei)持(chi)动(dong)物(wu)生(sheng)存(cun)斗(dou)争(zheng)的(de)其(qi)他(ta)器(qi)官(guan)之(zhi)上(shang)(；)当(dang)然(ran)(，)假(jia)设(she)是(shi)这(zhei)在(zai)某(mou)种(zhong)程(cheng)度(du)上(shang)帮(bang)助(zhu)了(le)他(ta)的(de)斗(dou)争(zheng)(，)就(jiu)像(xiang)他(ta)们(men)所(suo)做(zuo)的(de)那(nei)样(yang)(。)但(dan)如(ru)果(guo)不(bu)以(yi)某(mou)种(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)有(you)效(xiao)并(bing)影(ying)响(xiang)他(ta)身(shen)体(ti)历(li)史(shi)的(de)进(jin)程(cheng)(，)它(ta)就(jiu)无(wu)法(fa)帮(bang)助(zhu)他(ta)(。)如(ru)果(guo)现(xian)在(zai)可(ke)以(yi)表(biao)明(ming)意(yi)识(shi)可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)什(shen)么(me)方(fang)式(shi)帮(bang)助(zhu)他(ta)(，)而(er)且(qie)(，)如(ru)果(guo)他(ta)的(de)其(qi)他(ta)器(qi)官(guan)(（)意(yi)识(shi)最(zui)发(fa)达(da)的(de)地(di)方(fang)(）)的(de)缺(que)陷(xian)使(shi)得(de)它(ta)们(men)需(xu)要(yao)意(yi)识(shi)所(suo)能(neng)带(dai)来(lai)的(de)那(nei)种(zhong)帮(bang)助(zhu)(，)只(zhi)要(yao)它(ta)有(you)效(xiao)(；)为(wei)什(shen)么(me)(，)那(nei)么(me)合(he)理(li)的(de)推(tui)论(lun)就(jiu)是(shi)它(ta)的(de)出(chu)现(xian)只(zhi)是(shi)因(yin)为(wei)它(ta)的(de)功(gong)效(xiao)(—)(—)换(huan)句(ju)话(hua)说(shuo)(，)它(ta)的(de)功(gong)效(xiao)将(jiang)被(bei)归(gui)纳(na)证(zheng)明(ming)(。)

现在，我们自己关于认知关系的终极性的直言不讳的陈述，以及思想的“客体”与其纯粹的“话题”或“话语的主题”之间的区别（参见第 275 页及以下），都存在差异任何这样的理论；随着本书的推进，我们会发现越来越多的机会否认它的一般真理。为了认识一个现实，想要它，或者“关于”它，一种精神状态需要做的就是导致一种更遥远的精神状态，这种精神状态要么作用于现实，要么类似于现实。唯一可以合理地表示类似于它们的对象的思想类别是感觉。构成我们所有其他思想的材料都是象征性的，一个思想迟早会以一种类似于后者的感觉结束，从而证明它与一个主题的相关性。

dangheerbatejiangwomensuomiaoshudeduoyangxingmingmingweitongjuezhuyishi，naohaizhongdexiangfaheyinxiangjiuhuiyoutounaozhongyiyoudeneirongdedaoqianghua。womenxianzaihenrongyimingbaiweishenmeyinggaitingdaoairendeqiaojisheng——tafaxianleyigebanzhunbeihaobaozhadeshenjingzhongshu。womenkandaowomenruhezaizaoyinzhongzhuyitongbandeshengyin，zheixiezaoyinsuirankeguanshangbiwomentingdaodeshengyindadeduo，danweiyinqizhuyi [yuanwenruci]。meiyigezidoubeishuangzhonghuanxing；yicishitongguoshuohuazhedezuichuncongwaibufachude，danzaicizhiqianyijingcongneibutongguocongqianmiandecizhongfachudexianzhaoguocheng，yijitongguoyutanhua“zhuti”xiangguandesuoyouguochengdemohuhuanxing。lingyifangmian，buxiangguandezaoyinzhibeihuanxingyici。tamenxingchengleyigebuxiangliandehuoche。xuexiaolidenanhaimenduilaoshibuganxingqu，chufeitakaishijiangyishi，ranhoudoushuqierduo，zheihenrongyijieshi。yishidewenziyujidongrenxindeshiwulianxizaiyiqi，zheixieshiwufanyingbinggudingtamen；huanjuhuashuomeiyou。yuchuncuizhuyizhetingdaodeyufahe herbart zaidi 418 yeyinyongdeqitalizileisi。反驳这些证明。

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